THE SCIENCE

 

OF

 

ACOUSTICS

 

 

 

INSTRUCTOR:

Dr. MAHMOUD KHALILI

 

 

 

 

 

 


TEXT BOOK:

 

 Physics and Music

 (The Science of Musical sound)

 

By:

 

H. White and D. White

 

 

Method of Evaluation

 


                1: Project                               10 Point

                2: Homework                        50 Point

                3: Lab Report                       60 Point

                4: Quizzes                              20 Point

Grade     5: Midterm Exam              100 Point

                6: Final Exam                    100 Point

                7: Attendance                        10 Point (Bonus)

 


                             Total                          350 Point

 

 

 

Final Letter Grade:

 

          Point                  Grade

        300 - 350                  A

        255 - 299                  B

        205 - 254                  C

        170 - 204                  D

          0   - 169                  F

 

 

 

 

 

 


               1: Introduction

               2: Biography of Person

Project  3: Scientific Contribution

               (Any Discovery, Invention, Development.)

               4: Conclusion

               5: Reference

 

 


System of Measurement

 


Quantity           SI*            C g S        British

                                                           System

 


Length ( L )    meter ( m )          centimeter (cm)  foot ( ft )

 


Mass( M )        Kilogram(Kg)       gram ( gr )          slug

 


time ( t )                 second              second              second

 


Weight ( W )    Newton ( N )             dyn             pound (Ib)

 


Area ( A )            square                 square              square

                             meter( m2 )      centimeter(cm2)   feet(ft2)

 


Volume( V )     cubic meter     cubic centimeter    cubic feet

                                (m3 )                 (cm3 )                   (ft3 )

 


Speed( v )               ( m / s )             ( cm / s )           ( ft / s )

 


Acceleration       ( m / s2 )               ( cm / s2 )          ( ft / s2 )

      (a)

 


Force( F )           Newton(N)             dyn             pound(Ib)

 

 


SI* : System International( Metric System)

 

 

 

 

Conversion Factors:

 

1 m = 100 cm                  1 mile = 1.609 Km

1 m = 3.28 ft                     1 mile = 5280 ft

1 Km = 1000 m                 1 ft = 0.3.5 m

1 Kg = 1000 gr               1 Ib = 0.455 Kg

1 Kg = 2.2 Ib                  1 Ib = 455 gr

1 A0 = 10-10 m                 1 ft = 12 inch

   (Angstrom)

1 ( nm ) = 10-9 m          1 inch = 2.54 cm

   (nanometer)

1 µm = 10-6 m

   (micron)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:

 

          0.1 = 1 x 10-1                                                          1 = 1 x 100

 

       0.01 = 1 x 10-2                                      10 = 1 x 101

 

      0.001 = 1 x 10-3                                   100 = 1 x 102

 

    0.0001 = 1 x 10-4                                 1,000 = 1 x 103

 

  0.00001 = 1 x 10-5                               10,000 = 1 x 104

 

 0.000001 =  1 x 10-6                        1,000,000 = 1 x 106

                                                                        (million)

                                                   1,000,000,000 = 1 x 109

                                                                       (billion)

0.00000936815 = 9.37 x 10-6

                                            1000,000,000,000 = 1 x 1012

                                                             (trillion)

 

   0.0231 = 2.31                                      6400  = 6.40 x 103

 

   0.0067 = 6.7 x 10-3                        2453700 = 2.45 x 106

 


SPEED OF LIGHT : 300,000 kilometers per second

                              ( 186,000 miles per second)

 

 

 


SCIENTIFIC METHOD

           I: Observation of the problem

        II: Data and information

      III: Theory

      IV: Test and experiment

        V: Scientific law

 


Theory(hypothesis) : A satisfying explanation of a

      natural phenomenon.

 

 

 

 

 

 


                               Distance Traveled                d

Speed (Velocity) =                                      V =

                                   Elapsed Time                  t

 

 

Note : If we specify the direction in which a body is moving, we refer to its motion as a Velocity, and without direction we refer as Speed. Both are in the same unit.

 

 

ACCELERATION: The rate of change of speed is

           called acceleration.

 


                                      V2 - V1

                     a   = 

                                 t2 - t1

 

 

 

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:

     (CLASSICAL MECHANIC):

1: Every body continues in a state of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force acting on it.

S F = 0 Þ a = 0

( a straight line motion with constant velocity)

d = v t

F : Force                                    d: Distance

V: Velocity                                 t: time

2: When a force acts on a body of mass m, it produces in it an acceleration equal to the force divided by the mass.

F = m a      or           m = F / a

 

3: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE LAW of UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION.

(NEWTON'S LAW of GRAVITY)

 


                m2 x m1

Fg  =  G  ------------

                R2

 

 


                                                                                                   m2

 


         m1                                                                          

           O1                      F12                 F21                                       O2 

                         

 

 

                                                     R

 

 

 

 

 


G: 6.67 x 10-11 ( m3 /Kg . s2 )       Gravitational Constant

                                             Newton's Constant

 

 

 


Weight = mass x  acceleration due to gravity

Fg (W) = m g

 

 


work = Force x distance

w = F d

 

Energy: The ability to do work.

 


                KE = 1/2 m v2       PE = m g h

 

ME = KE + PE

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