1. Describe Liebig's law of the minimum, and discuss its implications for the distribution of species.
2. Draw a typical tolerance curve for a resource of your choice. Label the axes and identify the optimal region(s) and the region(s) of stress.
3. What is meant by the term "indicator species"? Describe how these species can be useful.
4. Define a specialist species, and discuss the vulnerability of specialists to environmental change.
5. What are the central premises of the theory of evolution by natural selection?
6. Define and provide an example of convergent evolution.
7. If a tornado kills most of the individuals in a population of crows, has natural selection occurred? Why or why not?
8. Distinguish between intraspecific and interspecific competition. Describe three ways in which the intensity of intraspecific competition can be minimized.
9. What role does intraspecific competition play in natural selection?
10. What is an evolutionary consequence of interspecific competition?
11. Two species of caterpillars feed on the new leaves of oak trees, and otherwise have similar niches. Over the short term, what might be the outcome of interspecific competition? Explain your answer. What might be the result of interspecific competition over the long term (i.e., after many generations of competition)? Explain your answer.
12. Provide two examples of adaptations possessed by predators that help them capture prey, and two adaptations possessed by prey to avoid being captured.
13. Define, compare and contrast Batesian and Muellerian mimicry.
14. What is meant by the term "keystone species"? Provide an example of a keystone species, and describe its effects on the community in which it is found.
15. Why is it argued that communities that are more diverse will be more stable?
16. Describe the significance of edge effects when trying to preserve habitat for a particular species.
17. Under what kinds of conditions (i.e., in what kinds of environments) might a climax community fail to develop? Provide an example.
18. Describe a way in which the relationship between cattle and cattle egrets might be better described as a mutualism, rather than as a commensalism. (i.e., what would have to be true in order for the relationship to be considered a mutualism, and how could this occur?)
19. Provide two reasons why the productivity of tundra communities is typically very low.
20. Explain why grassland has been the most disturbed of all of earth's biomes.
21. Choose two biomes. For each, describe the general climatic conditions, the factors that most strongle limit the growth of plants, and examples of adaptations you are likely to find in plants and animals of the biome.
22. In the context of population growth, what is meant by the term "environmental resistance"? Describe the effect of environmental resistance on long-term population growth and provide two specific example of environmental resistance.
23. Compare and contrast Malthusian strategists and logistic-strategists, and describe two expected life-history traits for each kind of strategist.
    
    Note:  The material from Chapter 17 that was presented after Exam 1 will be covered on Exam 2; in addition to the questions above, look at questions 25, 29, 31 and 32 from the review for Exam 1.
    
    And another note:  Exam 2 will not include any material from Chapter 9; the remaining questions (24-27) will be covered on Exam 3.
    
24. Describe the interactive effects of disease and nutrition.
25. What does the acronym "GOBI" stand for, and what are the advantages of taking this approach to improving human health?
26. Identify two major classes of hazardous or toxic chemicals, based on their effects on human health. Provide an example of a specific chemical that falls into each of your categories, and describe how it affects human health.
27. For fat- vs. water-soluble chemicals, compare and contrast the rates at which they move through the environment, and the likelihood that they will be biomagnified.

NOTE: You are responsible for all material covered in lecture and in the text, not only for the material presented in these questions. Short-answer questions on the exam are likely to come at least in part from these questions. Also, make sure that you look at the questions at the ends of the chapters in Cunningham & Saigo, and look in the Student Study Guide for examples of true-false, multiple-choice, and fill-in-the blank questions.